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A Personal Conceptualization of Psychopathology


 Psychopathology as statistical deviation


Psychopathology can be understood as a deviation from what is considered statistical psychological normality. It includes manifestations of deviant and infrequent behavior. This kind of conceptualization tends to make sense to many people. It allows them to use the term psychopathology to refer to unusual human behavior and experiences such as paranoid delusions, hearing voices, and other psychological phenomena (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). It is also important to note that this particular conceptualization tends to enjoy scholarly esteem. It uses a scientifically recognized method of measuring the normality of a given behavior. The first step of this method involves determining what is considered statistically normal (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). The second step involves determining how a given psychological phenomenon deviates from what is considered statistical normality.


Psychopathology as social deviance


Psychopathology can also be understood as a type of behavior that deviates from the social and cultural norms of society. This particular conceptualization uses cultural and social conventions and rules in judging behavior as deviation from normality (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). This contrasts with the conceptualization of psychopathology as a statistical aberration. The conceptualization of psychopathology as social deviance is not based on psychological measures and tests.


Psychopathology as maladaptive behavior


Psychopathology can also be viewed as a manifestation of behavior and actions that are maladaptive or dysfunctional. In this sense, the term "maladaptive" is used to denote the ineffectiveness of an individual's behavior and actions. In contrast, the term adaptive is used to refer to the effectiveness of individuals' behavior and actions. If a given behavior or action does not work for an individual to enable them to deal with certain problems and achieve their goals, this behavior is considered maladaptive (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). However, if a certain behavior or action works for an individual and allows him to deal with certain challenges and achieve his goals, then it is said to be adaptive (Maddux & Winstead, 2005).


Psychopathology as a form of mental distress


Psychotherapy can also be understood as a certain kind of psychological distress. Distress in this sense refers to unpleasant feelings such as sadness, anxiety, anger and others (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). People seek treatment for this emotional turmoil that interferes with their normal mental functioning. It prevents them from achieving their life goals. This restlessness limits their self-efficacy, self-regulatory abilities, physiological components, and situational opportunities that can assist them in making positive changes in their lives.


Psychopathology as dyscontrol


Psychopathology can also be considered a form of dyscontrol characterized by maladaptive patterns of thinking, behaving and feeling. This particular dyscontrol affects the individual's ability to control himself. Thus, if an individual voluntarily exhibits maladaptive behavior that is likely to lead to self-destruction, such a person should probably suffer from a mental disorder (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). In this case, the term "mental disorder" is used to show that what is happening to the sufferer is beyond their control.


Psychopathology as harmful dysfunction


Psychopathology can also be understood as a harmful kind of dysfunction. In this case, the term "harmful" has value connotations based on social conventions and norms (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). The term “dysfunction” has scientific connotations based on the failure of a mental mechanism to perform its natural function (Maddux & Winstead, 2005). Thus, a disorder occurs when an individual's mental mechanisms fail to perform their natural functions. This harms the well-being of the individual as defined by societal norms and conventions.


Theories of psychopathology: Psychosynthesis


Psychosynthesis is a theory of psychopathology put forward by the Italian psychiatrist Roberto Assagioli. Thanks to this, he came up with a comprehensive approach to the process of human growth. Psychosynthesis helps people discover their true spiritual nature and effectively use this discovery in their daily lives (Firman & Gila, 2002). Therefore, psychosynthesis helps people with psychological problems realize their creative potential and use it to increase their ability to function properly and communicate effectively with other people (Firman & Gila, 2002).


As a type of psychotherapy, psychosynthesis includes various techniques and physical activities that help people overcome unwanted psychological experiences in life (Firman & Gila, 2002). Therefore, psychosynthesis is not just a theory. It is also a practical method that integrates different techniques derived from different approaches to human growth. Unlike other types of therapy, psychosynthesis does not define an "ideal" person that one should become (Firman & Gila, 2002). What is important is that one becomes what one wants to be. Therefore, psychosynthesis emphasizes the ability to become what one wants to be based on an inner sense of self and meaning.


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